A significant amount of time and power is spent waiting for processors to retrieve instructions and data from distant levels of memory. One approach to mitigate access latency (delay) is to use a thre...
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Removal of heat from electronic circuitry is one of the limiting factors in the design and performance of most computer systems. One current method of heat removal involves using a cone-shaped spray t...
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Computer networks function by connecting spatially separated computers with “links” – electrical conductors, fiber optics and radio waves.  The majority of network protocols work by dividing a ...
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Modern processors and operating systems support virtual memory. Programs running on the system access (read or write) data using virtual addresses that differ from the physical address of the data in ...
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An optical resonator is an arrangement of optical components that allows a beam of light to circulate in a closed path. Nanoresonators are a type of optical resonator that can effectively concentrate ...
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In a phased-array antenna the relative phases of the signals feeding the antennas are varied in such a way that the effective radiation pattern is reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed in u...
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As mobile devices become smaller, touch screen inputs have remain largely unchanged. But the use of the display as an input surface can become a problem as the user’s finger obstructs increasingly l...
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Perhaps surprising to many consumers, the industry that produces compute hardware (microprocessors, graphic units, etc.) is highly disconnected from the industry that produces memory storage hardware ...
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In the field of quantum computing, the performance of quantum bits (‘qubits’) has advanced rapidly in recent years. In contrast to classical two-state binary systems (0 or 1), each qubit can be a ...
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A quantum computer will allow efficient solutions for certain problems that are intractable on conventional, classical computers, including factoring and quantum simulation of complex systems. While a...
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Managing the power consumption of computer systems is important for reducing energy costs as well as prolonging battery life on portable devices. Power delivered to a computer normally passes through ...
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In computer memory there is a tradeoff between capacity (how much data can be stored) and latency (how quickly it can be accessed). To achieve a balance, typical memory systems employ a hierarchy of d...
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Image signal processors (ISPs) are specialized circuits in cameras that help rapidly process image data. ISPs provide white balance, geometric correction and other functions that make an image suitabl...
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Many modern computers employ multiple processor types, for example, one or more conventional CPUs operating in tandem with specialized GPUs, the latter tailored to high-speed streaming processing. T...
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Energy efficiency is important in mobile electronics such as smart phones and tablets because of their size and reliance on battery power. At the same time, these kinds of devices must perform increas...
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Modern computer processors can process data faster than the data can be exchanged with external memory. For this reason there is considerable interest in boosting the ‘bandwidth’ of the memory bus...
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Computer programs access memory using virtual addresses, which are translated by hardware into unique physical addresses that locate the data in the cache or memory. The set of virtual addresses acces...
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High frequency (HF), very high frequency (VHF) and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) bands have long been used for many different communication systems, particularly in military applications. Standard monopol...
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In the field of quantum computing, the performance of quantum bits (‘qubits’) has advanced rapidly in recent years. A truly scalable system requires the ability to rapidly and accurately measure q...
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Some extremely complex tasks – like sorting very large databases or factoring large numbers – are challenging for classical computers. Quantum computers can solve such problems because they use qu...
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Hardware accelerators improve computer performance by allowing the main processor to off-load certain tasks, for example, processing floating-point or graphics calculations. The accelerator is designe...
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Energy consumption is a major constraint in computer design because of factors like power costs, operating life and heat. The tradeoff between energy consumption and performance is managed to some deg...
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A branch predictor is a digital circuit that attempts to direct traffic in an instruction stream. Branching is usually implemented with a conditional jump instruction, and branches may be ‘taken’ ...
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Logic gates are the building blocks of integrated circuits. They use multiple transistors to receive and interpret voltage inputs, then provide outputs. Future generations of integrated circuit micr...
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In a computer, an input-output memory management unit (IOMMU) may be positioned between the physical memory and I/O devices such as disk drives. The IOMMU provides the I/O devices with virtual address...
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