The lithographic process is one of the most powerful technologies of the digital electronics era. Lithography allows hundreds of millions of components to be fabricated on a single chip with pattern f...
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‘Virtual substrates’ comprise an underlying growth substrate and one or more metamorphic buffer layers (MBLs) made of semiconductor alloy. The MBL is graded so that its lattice constant initially ...
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Interest in graphene has surged due to its outstanding electrical properties. Graphene is a two-dimensional, carbon-based material with high tensile strength, stiffness, optical transparency and therm...
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Fast, flexible electronics operating at radio frequencies (greater than 1 GHz) are attractive because of their versatility, power savings and wide applicability. Uses include wireless and high-speed c...
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Block copolymers (BCPs) are a class of polymers synthesized from two or more bonded units. Forming BCPs in bulk, and turning the material into thin film, can produce nanoscale structures useful to man...
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For many applications – from remote sensing to laser displays – it is necessary to convert the frequency of light via nonlinear interaction in semiconductor materials. Waveguide devices accomplish...
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One of the strongest, lightest and most conductive materials known, graphene is an atom-thick carbon film with unrivaled high-tech potential. It is stronger than diamond but capable of bending like ru...
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Semiconductors, which regulate power flow in many modern electronic devices, use interconnects such as bond wires or lead frames to integrate different components: chip, substrate and terminals. Inter...
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Promising advances in areas like solar cells and photonic crystals are utilizing optical components with nanoscale dimensions. Unique in their ability to collect and manipulate light, these structures...
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Rapid development of superconducting quantum electronics has motivated a search for quantum-limited amplifiers for the low-noise readout of qubits and linear cavity resonators. Conventional approaches...
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Devices in fields including electronics, photonics and biological engineering utilize 2-D and 3-D nanostructures. Traditional patterning methods such as photolithography and electron beam lithography ...
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Semiconductors are used in the manufacture of many electronic and optoelectronic devices. In particular, compound semiconductors represent a large class of materials with composition ranges that can, ...
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Graphene possesses tremendous electrical properties, making it suitable for numerous applications. The current method of fabricating this material involves growing or isolating a full sheet of graphen...
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Managing power consumption of integrated circuits such as microprocessors is important for conserving energy, improving battery life and reducing issues with device cooling. A common method to reduce ...
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A DNA microarray is a collection of microscopic DNA spots arranged on a solid surface via covalent attachment to a chemically suitable substrate. DNA microarrays allow hundreds of thousands of DNA seq...
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Diodes are two-terminal electrical devices that only allow electrical current to flow in one direction. Diodes are used often in electrical circuits to extract a direct current from an alternating cur...
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Silicon is a major component in semiconductors due to its good electrical properties, reasonable cost and manufacturability. Zinc oxide is promising as a semiconductive material because it has a large...
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Flexible single-crystalline semiconductors used in high-performance micro- and macro-electronics have been intensely studied in recent years.  Thin-film transistors using single crystalline silicon, ...
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As electronic gadgets continue to get smaller, tiny metal silicide nanowires may one day be used as fundamental building blocks in devices from cell phones to lasers.  Metal silicides already are int...
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Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) have been used to create mechanical resonators for switching, filtering and other purposes in electrical systems. NEMS/ME...
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Tunneling magneto-resistive (TMR) read heads are the next generation in magneto-resistive readers for hard drive disks. TMRs typically include a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) that is composed of an o...
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Significant efforts are currently underway to create ferroelectric memory (FeRAM) devices from the materials Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and SrBi2Ta2O9. The main disadvantages of these materials are the volatility of...
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Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is one of the most promising techniques for creating semiconductor devices, integrated circuits and microelectronic devices with nanoscale features (i.e., smaller...
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For integrated circuits, including very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits, to work properly, the signals traveling along the gates and interconnects must be properly timed. Using classical case ...
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The fabrication of semiconductor devices involves growing thin films on wafers and patterning them. However, thin films typically exhibit intrinsic stress, which can lead to failure of electronic devi...
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